Valutare la mobilità: il test di Tinetti
Approfondimento sui test clinici normalmente utilizzati per la misura dell’equilibrio
The Berg Balance Scale
Berg K. Balance and its measure in the elderly: a review. Physiotherapy Canada 1989; 41: 240.
Berg K, Wood-Dauphinee S, Williams JI. The balance scale: reliability assessment with elderly residents and patients with an acute stroke. Scand J of Rehab Med 1995; 27: 27-36.
Berg K, Wood-Dauphinee S, Williams JI et al. Measuring balance in the elderly: preliminary development of an instrument. Physiotherapy Canada 1989; 41: 304.
Berg KO, Maki BE, Williams JI, Holliday PJ, Wood-Dauphinee SL. Clinical and laboratory measures of postural balance in an elderly population. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1992; 73: 1073-1080.
Berg KO, Wood-Dauphinee SL, Williams JI, Maki B. Measuring balance in the elderly: Validation of an instrument. Canadian J of Public Health 1992; 83: S7-11.
Chandler J. Invited commentary. Phys Ther 1996; 76(6): 584-585.
Cole B, Finch E, Gowland C, Mayo N. Physical Rehabilitation Outcome Measures. Canadian Physiotherapy Association, 1994.
Harada N, Chiu V, Fowler E, Lee M, Reuben DB. Physical therapy to improve functioning of older people in residential care facilities. Phys Ther 1995; 75(9): 830-838.
Shumway-Cook A, Baldwin M, Polissar N, Gruber W. Predicting the probability for falls in community-dwelling older adults. Phys Ther 1997; 77(8): 812-819.
Stevenson TJ, Garland SJ. Standing balance during internally produced perturbations in subjects with hemiplegia: Validation of the Balance Scale. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996; 77: 656-662.
Thorbahn LD, Newton RA. Use of the Berg Balance test to predict falls in elderly patients. Phys Ther 1996; 76(6): 576-583.
Functional reach
Donahoe BK, Turner D, Worrell TW. The use of functional reach as a measurement of balance in boys and girls without disabilities aged 5 to 15 years. Pediatric Phys Ther 1994; 6: 189-193.
Duncan P, Weiner D, Chandler J, Studenski S. Functional reach: a new clinical measure of balance. J Gerontol 1990; 45: M192-197.
Duncan PW, Chandler J, Studenski S, Hughs M, Prescott B. How do physiological components of balance affect mobility in elderly men? Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1993; 74: 1343-1349.
Duncan PW, Studenski S, Chandler J, Prescott B. Functional reach: predictive validity in a sample of elderly male veterans. J Gerontol 1992; 47(3): M93-98.
Mann GC, Whitney SL, Redfern MS, Borello-France DF, Furman JM. Functional reach and single leg stance in patients with peripheral vestibular disorders. J Vestib Res 1996; 6(5): 343-358.
Studenski S, Duncan PW, Chandler J, Samsa G, Prescott B, Hogue C et al. Predicting falls: the role of mobility and nonphysical factors. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994; 42(3): 297-302.
Weiner DK, Bongiorni DR, Studenski SA, Duncan PW, Kochersberger GG. Does functional reach improve with rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehab 1993; 74: 796-800.
Weiner DK, Duncan PW, Chandler J, Studenski SA. Functional reach: a marker of physical frailty. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992; 40: 203-207.
The get up and go test
Mathias S, Nayak USL, Isaacs B. Balance in the elderly patient: The "get-up and go" test. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1986; 67: 387-389.
The timed up and go test
Di Fabio RP, Seay R. Use of the "Fast evaluation of mobility, balance, and fear" in elderly community dwellers: Validity and reliability. Phys Ther 1997; 77(9): 904-917.
Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The timed "up & go": A test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991; 39: 142-148.
The physical performance test
Reuben DB, Siu AL. An objective measure of physical function of elderly outpatients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1990; 38: 1105-1112.
Reuben DB, Siu AL. The predictive validity of self report and performance based measures of function and health. J Gerontol 1992; 4: M106-10.
Reuben DB, Valle LA, Hays RD, Siu AL. Measuring physical function in community-dwelling older persons: A comparison of self-administered interviewer-administered, and performance-based measures. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995; 43: 17-23.
Rozzini R, Giovanni B et al. Physical performance test and activities of daily living scales in the assessment of health status in elderly people. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993; 41: 1109-1113.
The Tinetti test
King MB, Tinetti ME. Falls in the community-dwelling older persons. J Am Geriatric Soc 1995; 43: 1146-1154.
Tinetti ME. Performance oriented assessment of mobility problems in elderly patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1986; 34: 119-126.
Tinetti ME. Factors associated with serious injury during falls by ambulatory nursing home residents. J Am Geriatr Soc 1987; 35: 644-648.
Tinetti ME, Ginter SF. Identifying mobility dysfunctions in elderly patients Standard neuromuscular examination or direct assessment. JAMA 1988; 259(8): 1190-1193.
Tinetti ME, Mendes de Leon CF, Doucette JT, Baker DI. Fear of falling and fall-related efficacy in relationship to functioning among community-living elders. J Gerontol 1994; 49(3): M140-M147.
Tinetti ME, Williams TF, Mayewski R. Fall risk index for elderly patients based on number of chronic disabilities. Am J Med 1986; 80: 429-434.
The gait abnormality rating scale
Van Swearingen JM, Paschal KA, Bonino P, Yang JF. The modified Gait Abnormality Rating Scale for recognizing the risk of recurrent falls in community-dwelling elderly adults. Phys Ther 1996; 76(9): 994-1002.
Wolfson LI, Whipple R, Amerman P et al. Gait and balance in the elderly: two functional capacities that link sensory and motor ability to falls. Clin Geriatr Med 1985; 1(3): 649-659.
Wolfson LI, Whipple R, Amerman P, Tobin JN. Gait assessment in the elderly: A gait abnormality rating scale and its relation to falls. J Gerontol 1990; 45: M12-19.
Fast evaluation of mobility, balance, and fear
Di Fabio RP, Seay R. Use of the "Fast evaluation of mobility, balance, and fear" in elderly community dwellers: Validity and reliability. Phys Ther 1997; 77(9): 904-917.
The dizziness handicap inventory
Honrubia V, Bell TS, Harris MR, Baloh RW, Fisher LM. Quantitative evaluation of dizziness characteristics and impact on quality of life. Am J Otol 1996; 17: 595-602.
Jacobson GP, Newman CW. The development of the dizziness handicap inventory. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1990; 116: 424-427.
Jacobson GP, Newman CW, Hunter L, Balzer GK. Balance function test correlates of the dizziness handicap inventory. J Am Acad Audiol 1991; 2: 253-260.
The activities-specific balance confidence scale
Myers AM, Powell LE, Maki BE, Holliday PJ, Brawley LR, Sherk W. Psychological indicators of balance confidence: relationship to actual and perceived abilities. J Gerontol 1996; 51A(1): M37-M43.
Powell LE, Myers AM. The activities-specific balance confidence (ABC) scale. J Gerontol 1995; 50A(1): M28-M34.
Dynamic gait index
Shumway-Cook A, Baldwin M, Polissar N, Gruber W. Predicting the probability for falls in community-dwelling older adults. Phys Ther 1997; 77(8): 812-819.
Shumway-Cook A, Gruber W, Baldwin M, Liao S. The effect of multidimensional exercise on balance, mobility, and fall risk in community-living older adults. Phys Ther 1997; 77: 46-57.
Shumway-Cook A, Woollacott A. Motor Control Theory and Practical Applications. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995.
Falls efficacy scale
Hill KD, Schwarz JA, Kalogeropoulos AJ, Gibson SJ. Fear of falling revisited. Arch Phy Med Rehabil 1996; 77: 1025-1029.
Tinetti M, Powell L. Fear of falling and low self-efficacy: a case of dependence in elderly persons. J Gerontol 1993; 48: 35-38.
Tinetti M, Richman D, Powell L. Falls efficacy as a measure of fear of falling. J Gerontol 1990; 45: P239-43.