Bibliografia

1. Ludewig PM, Behrens SA, Meyer SM, Spoden SM, Wilson LA. Three-dimensional clavicolar motion during arm elevation: reliability and descriptive data. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2004; 34: 140-9.

2. Wilk KE, Andrews JR, Arrigo CA. The physical examination of the glenohumeral joint: emphasis on the stabilizing structures. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1997 Jun; 25(6): 380-9.

3. Borstad JD, Ludewig PM. Comparison of scapular kinematics between elevation and lowering of the arm in the scapular plane. Clin Biomech 2002; 17: 650-9.

4. Donatelli RA. Physical therapy of the shoulder. 4 ^th edition ^. Churchill Livingstone 2004.

5. Myers JB, Laudner KG. Scapular position and orientation in throwing athletes. Am J Sports Med 2005; 33: 263.

6. Neumann DA. Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system- foundations for physical rehabilitation. Mosby 2002.

7. Poppen NK, Walker PS. Normal and abnormal motion of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1976; 58: 195-201.

8. Lukasiewicz AC, McClure PW et al. Comparison of 3-dimensional scapular position and orientation between subjects with and without shoulder impingement. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1999; 29: 574-56.

9. Ludewig PM, Cook TM, Nawoczenski DA. Three-dimensional scapular orientation and muscle activity at selected positions of humeral elevation. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1996; 24: 57-65.

10. Inman VT, Saunders JB, Abbott LC. Observations of the function of the shoulder joint. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1996; (330): 3-12.

11. Tsai N-T, McClure PW, Karduna AR. Effects of muscle fatigue on 3-dimensional scapular kinematics. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003; 84: 1000-5.

12. McQuade KJ, Dawson J, Smidt GL. Scapulothoracic muscle fatigue associated with alterations in scapulohumeral rhythm kinematics during maximum resistive shoulder elevation. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1998; 28: 74-80.

13. Warner et al. 1990.

14. Di Giacomo 2006.

15. McClure PW, Bialker J. Shoulder function and 3D-dimensional kinematics in people with shoulder impingement syndrome before and after a 6-week exercise program. Phys Ther 2004; 84-9: 832.

16. Solem et al. 1993.

17. Karduna et al. 2005.

18. Paletta et al. 1997.

19. Endo et al. 2001.

20. Graichen et al. 2001.

21. Ruwe et al. 1994.

22. Cools et al. 2004.

23. Cools et al. 2005.

24. Cools AM, Declercq GA. Trapezius activity and intramuscular balance during isokinetic exercise in overhead athletes with impingement symptoms. Scand J Med Sci Sport 2007; 17: 25-33.

25. Sahrmann et al. 2002.

26. Burkhart SS, Craig D, Kibler WB. The disable throwing shoulder: spectrum of pathology Part III: the SICK scapula, scapular diskinesis, the kinetic chain, and rehabilitation. Arthroscopy 2003; 19(6): 641-61.

27. Kamkar A, Irrgang JJ. Nonoperative management of secondary shoulder impingement syndrome. JOSPT 1993; 17-5:212.

28. Lindman R, Eriksson A, Thornell Le. Fiber type composition of the human male trapezius muscle: enzyme-histochemical characteristics. Am J Anat 1990; 189: 236-244.

29. Moseley et al. 1992.

30. Kinney E, Wusthoff J. Activation of trapezius muscle during varied forms of Kendall exercises. Phys Ther Sport 2008; 9: 3-8.

31. Ekstrom RA et al. 2003.

32. Hardwik et al. 2006.

33. Tyler TF, Nicholas SJ. Quantification of posterior capsule tightness and motion loss in patients with shoulder impingement. Am J Sport Med 2000; 28(5): 688-73.

34. Lin JJ, Yang Jl. Reliability and validity of shoulder tightness measurement in patients with stiff shoulder. Manual therapy 2006; 11(2): 146-52.

35. Poser A, Casonato O. Posterior glenohumeral stifness: Capsular or muscolar problem? A case report. Manual Therapy 2008; 13-2: 165.

Ulteriori approfondimenti

• Borstad JD, Ludewig PM. Comparison of three stretching for the pectoralis minor muscle. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2006; 15-3: 324.

• Cools AM, Dewitte V. Rehabilitation of scapular muscle balance: which exercises to prescribe? Am J Sport Med 2007; 35: 1744.

• Cools AM, Witvrouw EE. Scapular muscle recruitment patterns: Trapezius muscle latency with and without impingement symptoms. Am J Sports Med 2003; 31: 542.

• Kibler WB. The role of scapula in athletic shoulder function. Am J Sports Med 1998; 26: 325.

• Meister K. Injuries to the shoulder in the throwing athlete: Part one: Biomechanics / pathophysiology / classification of injuries. Am J Sports Med 2000; 28: 265.

• Paine RM, Voight M. The role of scapula. JOSPT 1993; 18-1: 386.

• Schmitt L, Snyder-Mackler L. Role of scapular stabilizers in etiology and treatment of impingement syndrome. JOSPT 1998; 29-1: 31-8.