Approfondimento sui test clinici normalmente utilizzati per la misura dell’equilibrio

The Berg Balance Scale

• Berg K. Balance and its measure in the elderly: a review. Physiotherapy Canada 1989; 41: 240.

• Berg K, Wood-Dauphinee S, Williams JI. The balance scale: reliability assessment with elderly residents and patients with an acute stroke. Scand J of Rehab Med 1995; 27: 27-36.

• Berg K, Wood-Dauphinee S, Williams JI et al. Measuring balance in the elderly: preliminary development of an instrument. Physiotherapy Canada 1989; 41: 304.

• Berg KO, Maki BE, Williams JI, Holliday PJ, Wood-Dauphinee SL. Clinical and laboratory measures of postural balance in an elderly population. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1992; 73: 1073-1080.

• Berg KO, Wood-Dauphinee SL, Williams JI, Maki B. Measuring balance in the elderly: Validation of an instrument. Canadian J of Public Health 1992; 83: S7-11.

• Chandler J. Invited commentary. Phys Ther 1996; 76(6): 584-585.

• Cole B, Finch E, Gowland C, Mayo N. Physical Rehabilitation Outcome Measures. Canadian Physiotherapy Association, 1994.

• Harada N, Chiu V, Fowler E, Lee M, Reuben DB. Physical therapy to improve functioning of older people in residential care facilities. Phys Ther 1995; 75(9): 830-838.

• Shumway-Cook A, Baldwin M, Polissar N, Gruber W. Predicting the probability for falls in community-dwelling older adults. Phys Ther 1997; 77(8): 812-819.

• Stevenson TJ, Garland SJ. Standing balance during internally produced perturbations in subjects with hemiplegia: Validation of the Balance Scale. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996; 77: 656-662.

• Thorbahn LD, Newton RA. Use of the Berg Balance test to predict falls in elderly patients. Phys Ther 1996; 76(6): 576-583.

Functional reach

• Donahoe BK, Turner D, Worrell TW. The use of functional reach as a measurement of balance in boys and girls without disabilities aged 5 to 15 years. Pediatric Phys Ther 1994; 6: 189-193.

• Duncan P, Weiner D, Chandler J, Studenski S. Functional reach: a new clinical measure of balance. J Gerontol 1990; 45: M192-197.

• Duncan PW, Chandler J, Studenski S, Hughs M, Prescott B. How do physiological components of balance affect mobility in elderly men? Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1993; 74: 1343-1349.

• Duncan PW, Studenski S, Chandler J, Prescott B. Functional reach: predictive validity in a sample of elderly male veterans. J Gerontol 1992; 47(3): M93-98.

• Mann GC, Whitney SL, Redfern MS, Borello-France DF, Furman JM. Functional reach and single leg stance in patients with peripheral vestibular disorders. J Vestib Res 1996; 6(5): 343-358.

• Studenski S, Duncan PW, Chandler J, Samsa G, Prescott B, Hogue C et al. Predicting falls: the role of mobility and nonphysical factors. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994; 42(3): 297-302.

• Weiner DK, Bongiorni DR, Studenski SA, Duncan PW, Kochersberger GG. Does functional reach improve with rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehab 1993; 74: 796-800.

• Weiner DK, Duncan PW, Chandler J, Studenski SA. Functional reach: a marker of physical frailty. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992; 40: 203-207.

The get up and go test

• Mathias S, Nayak USL, Isaacs B. Balance in the elderly patient: The "get-up and go" test. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1986; 67: 387-389.

The timed up and go test

• Di Fabio RP, Seay R. Use of the "Fast evaluation of mobility, balance, and fear" in elderly community dwellers: Validity and reliability. Phys Ther 1997; 77(9): 904-917.

• Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The timed "up & go": A test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991; 39: 142-148.

The physical performance test

• Reuben DB, Siu AL. An objective measure of physical function of elderly outpatients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1990; 38: 1105-1112.

• Reuben DB, Siu AL. The predictive validity of self report and performance based measures of function and health. J Gerontol 1992; 4: M106-10.

• Reuben DB, Valle LA, Hays RD, Siu AL. Measuring physical function in community-dwelling older persons: A comparison of self-administered interviewer-administered, and performance-based measures. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995; 43: 17-23.

• Rozzini R, Giovanni B et al. Physical performance test and activities of daily living scales in the assessment of health status in elderly people. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993; 41: 1109-1113.

The Tinetti test

• King MB, Tinetti ME. Falls in the community-dwelling older persons. J Am Geriatric Soc 1995; 43: 1146-1154.

• Tinetti ME. Performance oriented assessment of mobility problems in elderly patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1986; 34: 119-126.

• Tinetti ME. Factors associated with serious injury during falls by ambulatory nursing home residents. J Am Geriatr Soc 1987; 35: 644-648.

• Tinetti ME, Ginter SF. Identifying mobility dysfunctions in elderly patients Standard neuromuscular examination or direct assessment. JAMA 1988; 259(8): 1190-1193.

• Tinetti ME, Mendes de Leon CF, Doucette JT, Baker DI. Fear of falling and fall-related efficacy in relationship to functioning among community-living elders. J Gerontol 1994; 49(3): M140-M147.

• Tinetti ME, Williams TF, Mayewski R. Fall risk index for elderly patients based on number of chronic disabilities. Am J Med 1986; 80: 429-434.

The gait abnormality rating scale

• Van Swearingen JM, Paschal KA, Bonino P, Yang JF. The modified Gait Abnormality Rating Scale for recognizing the risk of recurrent falls in community-dwelling elderly adults. Phys Ther 1996; 76(9): 994-1002.

• Wolfson LI, Whipple R, Amerman P et al. Gait and balance in the elderly: two functional capacities that link sensory and motor ability to falls. Clin Geriatr Med 1985; 1(3): 649-659.

• Wolfson LI, Whipple R, Amerman P, Tobin JN. Gait assessment in the elderly: A gait abnormality rating scale and its relation to falls. J Gerontol 1990; 45: M12-19.

Fast evaluation of mobility, balance, and fear

• Di Fabio RP, Seay R. Use of the "Fast evaluation of mobility, balance, and fear" in elderly community dwellers: Validity and reliability. Phys Ther 1997; 77(9): 904-917.

The dizziness handicap inventory

• Honrubia V, Bell TS, Harris MR, Baloh RW, Fisher LM. Quantitative evaluation of dizziness characteristics and impact on quality of life. Am J Otol 1996; 17: 595-602.

• Jacobson GP, Newman CW. The development of the dizziness handicap inventory. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1990; 116: 424-427.

• Jacobson GP, Newman CW, Hunter L, Balzer GK. Balance function test correlates of the dizziness handicap inventory. J Am Acad Audiol 1991; 2: 253-260.

The activities-specific balance confidence scale

• Myers AM, Powell LE, Maki BE, Holliday PJ, Brawley LR, Sherk W. Psychological indicators of balance confidence: relationship to actual and perceived abilities. J Gerontol 1996; 51A(1): M37-M43.

• Powell LE, Myers AM. The activities-specific balance confidence (ABC) scale. J Gerontol 1995; 50A(1): M28-M34.

Dynamic gait index

• Shumway-Cook A, Baldwin M, Polissar N, Gruber W. Predicting the probability for falls in community-dwelling older adults. Phys Ther 1997; 77(8): 812-819.

• Shumway-Cook A, Gruber W, Baldwin M, Liao S. The effect of multidimensional exercise on balance, mobility, and fall risk in community-living older adults. Phys Ther 1997; 77: 46-57.

• Shumway-Cook A, Woollacott A. Motor Control Theory and Practical Applications. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995.

Falls efficacy scale

• Hill KD, Schwarz JA, Kalogeropoulos AJ, Gibson SJ. Fear of falling revisited. Arch Phy Med Rehabil 1996; 77: 1025-1029.

• Tinetti M, Powell L. Fear of falling and low self-efficacy: a case of dependence in elderly persons. J Gerontol 1993; 48: 35-38.

• Tinetti M, Richman D, Powell L. Falls efficacy as a measure of fear of falling. J Gerontol 1990; 45: P239-43.