Diagnosi clinica o strumentale?
Bibliografia
Odderson IR, Keaton JC, McKenna BS. Swallow management in patients on an acute pathway: quality is cost effective. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1995; 76(12): 1130-3.
Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Rockville, MD. Diagnosis and Treatment of Swallowing Disorders (Dysphagia) in Acute-Care Stroke Patients. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment: Number 8, March 1999.
Horner J, Buoyer FG, Alberts MJ, Helms MJ. Dysphagia following brainstem stroke. Clinical correlates and outcome. Arch Neurol 1991; 48: 1170-3.
Linden P, Kuhlemeier KV, Patterson C. The probability of correctly predicting subglottic penetration from clinical observations. Dysphagia 1993; 8(3): 170-9.
Horner J, Massey EW. Silent aspiration following stroke. Neurology 1988; 38: 317-9.
Horner J, Massey EW, Riski JE, Lathrop DL, Chase KN. Aspiration following stroke. Clinical correlates and outcome. Neurology 1988; 38: 1359-62.
Huxley EJ, Viroslav J, Gray WR, Pierce AK. Pharyngeal aspiration in normal adults and patients with depressed consciousness. Am J Med 1978; 64: 564-8.
Kuhlemeier KV, Rieve JE, Kirby NA, Siebens AA. Clinical correlates of dysphagia in stroke patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1989; 70: A-56.
Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Management of patients with stroke III: identification and management of dysphagia. Pilot Edition November 1997.
SPREAD 2003: Ictus cerebrale: linee guida italiane di prevenzione e trattamento. Evidenze di riferimento. Revisione del 4 marzo 2003.
Smith HA, Lee SH, O'Neill PA, Connolly MJ. The combination of bedside swallowing assessment and oxygen saturation monitoring of swallowing in acute stroke: a safe and humane screening tool. Age Ageing 2000; 29: 495-9.
De Pippo KL, Holas MA, Reding MJ. Validation of the 3-oz water swallow test for aspiration following stroke. Arch Neurol 1992; 49: 1259-61.
Logemann JA. Treatment of aspiration related to dysphagia: an overview. Dysphagia 1986; 1: 34-8.
Logemann JA. Approaches to management of disordered swallowing. Clin Gastroenterol 1991; 5: 269-80.
Palmer JB, Kuhlemeier KV, Typpett DC, Lynch C. A protocol for the videofluorographic study. Dysphagia 1993; 8: 219-4.
Langmore SE, Schatz K, Olsen N. Fiberoptic endoscopic examination of swallowing safety: a new procedure. Dysphagia 1988; 2: 216-21.
Wu CH, Hsiao TY, Chen JC, Chang YC, Lee SY. Evaluation of swallowing safety with fiberoptic endocope: comparison with videofluoroscopic technique. Laringoscope 1997; 107: 396-401.