Bibliografia

1. Dickx N, Cagnie B, Achten E, et al. Differentiation between deep and superficial fibers of the lumbar multifidus by magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Spine J 2010; 19(1): 122-8.
2. Woodham M, Woodham A, Skeate JG, Freeman M. Long-term lumbar multifidus muscle atrophy changes documented with magnetic resonance imaging: a case series. J Radiol Case Rep 2014; 8(5): 27-34.
3. Videman T, Battié MC, Gill K, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging findings and their relationships in the thoracic and lumbar spine. Insights into the etiopathogenesis of spinal degeneration. Spine 1995; 20(8): 928-35.
4. Pezolato A, de Vasconcelos EE, Defino HL, Nogueira-Barbosa MH. Fat infiltration in the lumbar multifidus and erector spinae muscles in subjects with sway-back posture. Eur Spine J 2012; 21(11): 2158-64.
5. Kjaer P, Leboeuf-Yde C, Korsholm L, Sorensen JS, Bendix T. Magnetic Resonance Imaging and low back pain in adults: a diagnostic imaging study of 40-year-old men and women. Spine 2005; 30(10): 1173-80.
6. Kader DF, Wardlaw D, Smith FW. Correlation between the MRI changes in the lumbar multifidus muscles and leg pain. Clin Radiol 2000; 55(2): 145-9.
7. Erkintalo MO, Salminen JJ, Alanen AM, Paajanen HE, Kormano MJ. Development of degenerative changes in the lumbar intervertebral disk: results of a prospective MR imaging study in adolescents with and without low-back pain. Radiology 1995; 196(2): 529-33.
8. Whittaker JL, Teyhen DS, Elliott JM, et al. Rehabilitative ultrasound imaging: understanding the technology and its applications. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2007; 37(8): 434-49.

Bibliografia

• Beneck GJ, Kulig K. Multifidus atrophy is localized and bilateral in active persons with chronic unilateral low back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2012; 93(2): 300-6.
• Chen YY, Pao JL, Liaw CK, Hsu WL, Yang RS. Image changes of paraspinal muscles and clinical correlations in patients with unilateral lumbar spinal stenosis. Eur Spine J. 2014; 23(5): 999-1006.
• Delitto A, George SZ, Van Dillen LR, et al.; Orthopaedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Association. Low back pain. Clinical Practice Guidelines Linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health from the Orthopaedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Association. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2012; 42(4): A1-57.
• Fortin M, Gibbons LE, Videman T, Battié MC. Do variations in paraspinal muscle morphology and composition predict low back pain in men? Scand J Med Sci Sports 2014; [Epub ahead of print].
• Freeman MD, Woodham MA, Woodham AW. The role of the lumbar multifidus in chronic low back pain: a review. PM R 2010; 2(2): 142-6.
• Hodges PW, Moseley GL. Pain and motor control of the lumbopelvic region: effect and possible mechanisms. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2003; 13(4): 361-70.
• Kalichman L, Hodges P, Li L, Guermazi A, Hunter DJ. Changes in paraspinal muscles and their association with low back pain and spinal degeneration: CT study. Eur Spine J 2010; 19(7): 1136-44.
• Kjaer P, Bendix T, Sorensen JS, Korsholm L, Leboeuf-Yde C. Are MRI-defined fat infiltrations in the multifidus muscles associated with low back pain? BMC Med 2007; 5:2.
• Min SH, Kim MH, Seo JB, Lee JY, Lee DH. The quantitative analysis of back muscle degeneration after posterior lumbar fusion: comparison of minimally invasive and conventional open surgery. Asian Spine J 2009; 3(2): 89-95.
• Pezolato A, de Vasconcelos EE, Defino HL, Nogueira-Barbosa MH. Fat infiltration in the lumbar multifidus and erector spinae muscles in subjects with sway-back posture. Eur Spine J 2012; 21(11): 2158-64.
• Richardson C, Jull G, Hodges P, Hides J. Therapeutic exercise for spinal segmental stabilization in low back pain - Scientific basis and clinical approach. London (UK):, Churchill Livingstone, 2nd edition, 2004
• Van K, Hides JA, Richardson CA. The use of real-time ultrasound imaging for biofeedback of lumbar multifidus muscle contraction in healthy subjects. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2006; 36(12):920-5.
• Wallwork TL, Stanton WR, Freke M, Hides JA. The effect of chronic low back pain on size and contraction of the lumbar multifidus muscle. Man Ther 2009; 14(5):496-500.

Ulteriori approfondimenti

• Barker KL, Shamley DR, Jackson D. Changes in the cross-sectional area of multifidus and psoas in patients with unilateral back pain: the relationship to pain and disability.
• Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2004; 29(22): E515-9.
• Battaglia PJ, Maeda Y, Welk A, Hough B, Kettner N. Reliability of the Goutallier classification in quantifying muscle fatty degeneration in the lumbar multifidus using magnetic resonance imaging. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2014; 37(3): 190-7.
• Battié MC, Niemelainen R, Gibbons LE, Dhillon S. Is level- and side-specific multifidus asymmetry a marker for lumbar disc pathology? Spine J 2012; 12(10): 932-9.
• Chan ST, Fung PK, Ng NY, Ngan TL, Chong MY, Tang CN, He JF, Zheng YP. Dynamic changes of elasticity, cross-sectional area, and fat infiltration of multifidus at different postures in men with chronic low back pain. Spine J 2012; 12(5): 381-8.
• D'Hooge R, Cagnie B, Crombez G, et al. Increased intramuscular fatty infiltration without differences in lumbar muscle cross-sectional area during remission of unilateral recurrent low back pain. Man Ther 2012; 17(6): 584-8.
• Fischer MA, Nanz D, Shimakawa A, et al. Quantification of muscle fat in patients with low back pain: comparison of multi-echo MR imaging with single-voxel MR spectroscopy. Radiology 2013; 266(2): 555-63.
• Fortin M, Battié MC. Quantitative paraspinal muscle measurements: inter-software reliability and agreement using OsiriX and Image J. Phys Ther 2012; 92(6): 853-64.
• Kader DF, Wardlaw D, Smith FW. Correlation between the MRI changes in the lumbar multifidus muscles and leg pain. Clin Radiol 2000; 55(2): 145-9.
• Kim WH, Lee SH, Lee DY. Changes in the cross-sectional area of multifidus and psoas in unilateral sciatica caused by lumbar disc herniation. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2011; 50(3): 201-4.
• Kong BJ, Lim JS, Kim K. A study on dispersion and rate of fat infiltration in the lumbar spine of patients with herniated nucleus polpusus. J Phys Ther Sci 2014; 26: 37-40.